Arti penting mempelajari Asbabun Nuzul.
Fazlur Rahman menggambarkan al-Qur’an sebagai puncak dari gunung es. Sembilan sepersepuluh dari bagiannya terendam di bawah perairan sejarah, dan hanya sepersepuluhnya yang tapak atau dapat dilihat[1], dan telah kita ketahui bahwa konteks kesejarahan yang terakumulasi dalam riwayat-riwayat Asbabun-Nuzul merupakan satu hal yang signifikan untuk memahami pesan-pesan al-Qur’an, maka tidaklah mungkin al-qur’an dapat diinterpretasikan tanpa mempertimbangkkan aspek kisah dan Asbabun-Nuzul.
Diantara urgensi asbab an-nuzul dalam memahami al-Qur’an:
a. Membantu dalam memahami sekaligus mengatasi ketidakpastian dalam menangkap pesan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, seperti pada surah Al Baqarah ayat 15, dinyatakan bahwa timur dan barat merupakan kepunyaan Allah. Dalam kasus sholat, dengan melihat dzohirnya ayat diatas, maka seakan-akan sesearang bebas menghadap kemana saja sesuai kehendak hati mereka. Namun setelah melihat asbabun nuzul dari ayat tersebut, tahapan interpretasi tersebut keliru. Sebab ayat diatas berkaitan tentang seseorang yang sedang melakukan sholat dalam perjalanan diatas kendaraan, atau berkaitan dengan orang yang berijtihad dalam menentukan arah kiblat.
b. Mengatasi keraguan ayat yang diduga mengandung pengertian umum. Seperti dalam surat Al-An’am[6] ayat 145 dikatakan:
Katakanlah: "Tiadalah aku peroleh dalam wahyu yang diwahyukan kepadaKu, sesuatu yang diharamkan bagi orang yang hendak memakannya, kecuali kalau makanan itu bangkai, atau darah yang mengalir atau daging babi - karena Sesungguhnya semua itu kotor - atau binatang yang disembelih atas nama selain Allah.”(QS. Al-an’am:145)
Menurut Asy-Syafi’I’ pesan ayat diatas tidak bersifat umum (hasr). Untuk mengatasi kemungkinan adanya keraguan dalam memahami ayat diatas, Asy-Syafi’i menggunakan alat bantu Asbabunnuzul, menurutnya ayat ini diturunkan manganai orang-orang kafir yang tidak mau memakan sesuatu, keculi terhadap apa yang mareka halalkan sendiri, mereka menghalalkan apa yang telah diharamkan Allah dan mengharamkan apa yang telah Allah halalkan maka turunlah ayat ini.
c. Mengkhususkan hukum yang terkandung dalam ayat al-Qur’an,
d. Mengidentifikasi pelaku yang menyebabkan al-Qu’an turun. Umpamanya ‘aisyah pernah menjernihkan kekeliruan Marwan yang menunjuk Abd Rahman Ibn Abu Bakar sebagai orang yang menyebabkan turunya ayat:”Dan orang yang mangatakan kepada orang tuanya “cis, kumu berdua…”(Q.S. Al-Ahqaf: 17). Untuk meluruskan persoalan,’aisyah berkata kepada Marwan; Demi Allah bukan dia yang menyebabkan ayat itu turun. Dan aku sanggup untuk menyebutkan siapa yayang sebenarnya.”
e. Memudahkan untuk menghapal dan memahami ayat, serta untuk memantapkan wahyu wahyu ke dalam hati yang mendengarkannya. Sebab hubungan sebab-akibat (musabbab), hukum, peristiwa dan pelaku,masa dan tempat merupakan satu jalinan yang mengikat hati.
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